Livelihoods

Within local communities, land tenure systems, traditional authority and different forms of power asymmetries and conflicts can exclude specific groups’ access to coastal land, such as migrants or women needing land for fish processing activities. There is an increasing competition for fish as a commodity causing tensions between actors in the fish chain (Bavinck et al. 2018), for example in the form of competition between local traders and agents purchasing fish on behalf of fish exporters or feed producers. Increasing experiences of exclusion and income disparities have gendered implications that challenge dignity, and may have adverse implications in the context of climate change effects, and, in the supply and distribution of fish, which presumably are exposing deeper complexities not only in gender relations, but also across the different categories of participants in SSF. These may suggest different outcomes in terms of livelihood outcomes and capacities to maintain food security and nutrition, areas in which that women pay an important role.