Potential Contribution of Small Pelagic Fishes in Reducing Micronutrient Deficiencies for Women of Reproductive Age Along the Southern Coast of Tanzania

Potential Contribution of Small Pelagic Fishes in Reducing Micronutrient Deficiencies for Women of Reproductive Age Along the Southern Coast of Tanzania

Micronutrient deficiencies, also known as hidden hunger, affect over two billion people globally, with women of reproductive age (WRA) and children under five being the most vulnerable. In sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of WRA suffer from at least one micronutrient deficiency, including iron, zinc, and vitamin A, which can lead to serious health risks such as anemia, impaired pregnancy outcomes, and developmental issues.

Small pelagic fish species such as anchovies, sardines, and mackerel are an affordable, nutrient-rich food source, particularly in Tanzania, where they account for 12% of total fish landings. These fish are consumed whole, providing bioavailable iron, zinc, calcium, and essential omega-3 fatty acids (DHA & EPA), making them a potential solution for micronutrient deficiencies in low-income communities.

Despite their nutritional benefits, small pelagic fish consumption remains underutilized in national food and nutritional policies. My research investigates:

• The nutrient composition of fresh and processed of selected small pelagic fish species and their potential contribution to the recommended daily intake along the southern coast of Tanzania.

• The consumption patterns of these species among women of reproductive age across the monsoon seasons 

• The socio-economic factors influencing consumption of small fish species among women of the reproductive age along the southern coast of Tanzania.

The preliminary findings show that small pelagic fish species consumed whole were identified to contribute ≥ 15% of the recommended nutrients intake of healthy adults for several essential micronutrients. Moreover, Seasonal availability of small fish species significantly affected dietary diversity and fish consumption patterns of the women with higher consumption during northeast monsoon than in southeast monsoon. The consumption of small pelagic fish species is highly associated with affordability, availabity and preferences among the women. Social economic factors such as marital status, household size, household income and engaging in fish value chain shows to influence consumption of small pelagic fishes among women.

Small pelagic fish can be potential in mitigating the burden of micronutrient deficiency among women. However, the seasonal variability and socioeconomic factors impact the consumption patterns. Therefore, policy integrations are required including incorporating small fish species in national nutritional policies. Public health awareness campaign on preparation and consumption of these species. And finally, to promote sustainable fisheries management to ensure year around availability through proper post-harvest handling, processing, storage and distribution.